The Art of Cinematic Jujitsu: How Frank Capra Turned Enemy Propaganda Against Itself

When Pearl Harbor shattered America’s isolationist fantasies, General George Marshall faced a peculiar dilemma: how to transform farm boys and factory workers into global warriors who understood why they were fighting. His answer: have Hollywood’s most beloved populist, Frank Capra,  wage war with light and shadow.

This is our second examination of the propaganda films of WW2, and today we dissect Capra’s Why We Fight: The Battle for China.

Capra arrived at his Pentagon assignment with experience making beloved features like  Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, but he wasn’t a documentary filmmaker. His brilliant approach was conceptual jujitsu—he would let fascism indict itself. Enemy newsreels, speeches, and triumphalist spectacles would be surgically re-edited into their own damning testimony. “Let the enemy prove to our soldiers the enormity of his cause,” Capra declared, “and the justness of ours.”


The gamble paid off. Roosevelt, impressed by Prelude to War, ordered the series released to civilians—54 million Americans would eventually witness Capra’s cinematic sermons. The formula was simple: authoritative narration, swelling orchestras, and surgical editing that carved the world into moral absolutes.


The Battle for China shouldered a burden more delicate than the series’ other installments. Beyond selling democracy versus fascism, it had to perform cultural alchemy—introducing America’s Chinese allies and transforming Yellow Peril stereotypes. Capra faced the task of introducing five millennia of Chinese civilization to audiences whose geographic knowledge might not extend  beyond state lines.


His solution: frame the narrative in terms of shared values. Sun Yat-sen became China’s Washington, Chinese resistance became Lexington and Concord writ large. In addition to  demonizing Japan, Capra elevated Chinese endurance—reframing eight years of occupation and resistance not as victimization, but as civilization’s first stand against fascist barbarism.

The film does have what, today, we know as historical errors.  It references the “Tanaka Memorial”—supposedly Japan’s 1927 blueprint for global conquest—that was likely fabricated. But Capra wasn’t engaged in historical deception; he was a filmmaker using the intelligence available at the time. Similarly, the film’s stated death toll of 40,000 in the Rape of Nanking is a stark underestimate of the 200,000 to 300,000 now accepted by historians. This wasn’t an attempt to whitewash the enemy ` ‘s war crimes, but a reflection of the limited information escaping the war zone. In fact, the film’s most haunting sequences derive their power from authenticity: grainy, 16mm footage of Japanese atrocities, smuggled out of China by an American priest, which provided a silent, damning testament to the war’s true horror.

Ultimately, the most discordant note is not found within the film itself, but in the stark and jarring reversal of geopolitical narratives that followed. In the Cold War’s shadow, Japan was recast as a peaceful, aesthetic culture, while our former allies, the people of  mainland China after Communist takeover, were suddenly portrayed as a monolithic, fanatical horde.

The Battle of China  preserves a history often marginalized in Western accounts: that the Second Sino-Japanese War was the true opening act of the global conflict. China’s eight-year resistance, fought against staggering odds, is a story that has to be  remembered.

Today, as new lines are drawn and old alliances are tested, Capra’s film serves as a powerful reminder of how narrative shapes reality, and how the allies of yesterday can become the adversaries of tomorrow. But the human cost of conflict is a haunting constant.

Strange Days: Kathryn Bigelow’s Forgotten Masterpiece Revisited

What if I told you there’s a film written by James Cameron, directed by Kathryn Bigelow, that critics praised but audiences ignored-leaving it to vanish into the shadows of cinema history? That film is Strange Days.
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Released in 1995, Strange Days plunges us into a volatile Los Angeles on the precipice of the new millennium – a ‘near future’ 1999 crackling with social unrest and technological anxiety.

At its core is Lenny Nero, played with a desperate energy by Ralph Fiennes. Nero is a charismatic but morally adrift black market dealer in ‘SQUID’ recordings – illegal, immersive slices of other people’s lives, experienced directly through the cerebral cortex. When one such recording captures a brutal crime someone powerful wants buried, the intricate machinery of a classic noir thriller clicks into gear, but with unexpected and subversive deviations.

Why should you invest your time in this commercially overlooked venture? Beyond the inherent thrill of its action sequences and the labyrinthine mystery, Strange Days offers a strikingly unique science fiction premise, explored with considerable thematic depth. Bigelow’s direction is characteristically muscular and kinetic, complemented by innovative, almost disturbingly intimate, point-of-view cinematography that places you directly within the recorded experiences.

And the performances? Fiennes is a wonderful, as is Angela Bassett, as the formidable bodyguard Mace, delivering a powerhouse portrayal that anchors the film with unwavering conviction.

What elevates Strange Days its intelligent deconstruction of noir conventions. While it knowingly flirts with these tropes, it refuses to be  bound by them. Fiennes’ Lenny Nero, intriguingly, embodies characteristics less typical of a hard-boiled protagonist and comes across as a gender-inverted, femme fatale. He’s defined by a seductive pull – not just over others, but critically, over himself through his obsessive reliving of recorded memories. His profound emotional vulnerability and pronounced self-destructive tendencies are hallmarks often attributed to the classic femme fatale, entangled as both architect and victim of her own devastating schemes.

This fascinating inversion clears the stage for Bassett’s Mace to transcend the archetypal sidekick or token love interest role. She emerges as a figure of undeniable strength, competence, and unwavering integrity – a Black woman who serves as the film’s moral compass and action hero. This deliberate re-centering of agency, is a potent and conscious critique of established genre norms and patriarchal storytelling.

Similarly Lenny’s journey diverges from noir’s formulaic fatalism. His redemption-spurred by Mace’s influence-shifts the focus from self-destruction to collective accountability.

So, why did this ambitious, critically lauded project falter so spectacularly with audiences in the mid-90s? Bigelow crafted this film in the long, uneasy shadow of the Rodney King case and the subsequent Los Angeles riots. It’s plausible that, a few years on, a lot of white folks were just not interested in engaging with uncomfortable societal truths and simmering racial tensions, preferring narratives that offered escapism rather than challenging reflection.

And, ultimately, the film’s depth, complexity and courageous subversion of audience expectations may have been too intellectually demanding for mainstream tastes at the time. Yet, these are precisely the qualities that commend Strange Days to contemporary film fans.

You can experience this overlooked gem on the Criterion Channel. Have you encountered Strange Days? What aspects resonated with you, or perhaps, what elements do you believe contributed to its initial commercial struggle? Share your thoughts in the comments; I’m looking forward to your perspectives.

How Buster Keaton Broke His Neck & Reinvented Cinema: The Story of Sherlock Jr.

Imagine a man running on the edge of a rushing locomotive, staring up at a torrent of water about to crash over him-knowing he’s about to risk his life, not for glory, but for a laugh. This was Buster Keaton: the silent era’s daredevil, stone-faced genius, and master of audacious stunts.

Keaton’s journey began before he could read, working the rough-and-tumble vaudeville circuit at the age of three. Billed as “The Little Boy Who Can’t Be Damaged,” his act involved playing a child whose antics provoked his father into physically throwing him across the stage – smashing into the scenery, tumbling into the orchestra pit, sometimes even tossed into the startled audience.

While such a spectacle would horrify modern sensibilities, this hazardous upbringing cultivated in Keaton an exceptional physical resilience and an almost supernatural comprehension of comic timing. It served as perhaps the most rigorous and unconventional apprenticeship conceivable for any auteur. By the 1920s. Keaton was a writer, director, and luminous star.

His 1924 film Sherlock Jr. is a testament to both his artistry and his appetite for danger. Keaton plays a humble film projectionist with two aspirations:to learn the deductive skills of a master detective, and to win the affection of a young woman billed simply as “The Girl”. When a rival frames him for theft, Keaton’s character retreats to the theater where he works. As the film flickers before him, he succumbs to sleep, and here, the story takes a surreal and innovative turn. He dreams himself into the very film he was projecting, transforming into the sophisticated, heroic detective he yearns to be, suavely navigating a fictional world.

What unfolds within this “film within a film” is a cascade of thrilling action sequences and astonishing comic set pieces, all famously performed by Keaton himself.

The dangers were genuine. During the iconic water tank sequence the deluge drove Keaton down into the tracks below. Unaware of the severity of his injury, ignoring his blinding pain, Keaton simply continued, completing the film. His broken neck would only be diagnosed years later by X-ray, a stark testament to his unparalleled physical commitment and stoicism.
Yet, Sherlock Jr. is more than a collection of amazing stunts. The technical ingenuity required to realize the film’s central conceit: a dreaming projectionist attempting to navigate the constantly shifting cinematic landscape – demanded meticulous planning and mathematical precision. This playful yet profound exploration of the porous boundary between the audience and narrative, between perceived reality and cinematic fiction, marks the film as startlingly meta-cinematic, anticipating theoretical discussions by decades.
Too surreal for audiences in 1924 – achieving moderate success rather than the blockbuster status of Keaton’s broader comedies – Sherlock Jr. is now hailed by critics and arthouse audiences. Its audacious blend of physical prowess, narrative invention, and cinematic self-awareness led to its preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1991.

Fortunately, Sherlock Jr. is in the public domain, allowing me to share a few grainy glimpses of its magic. However, to truly appreciate the startling genius of Keaton’s vision, I recommend experiencing the beautifully restored version available on the Criterion Channel.

Keaton’s legacy is not bruises and broken bones, but the way he expanded the language of film, inviting us to dream with our eyes wide open. What’s your favorite Keaton film? Let me know in the comments below.

Kurosawa’s Debut: Genius or Just Practice? Revisiting Sanshiro Sugata (1943)

Akira Kurosawa: a name synonymous with cinematic mastery. His debut, Sanshiro Sugata, often heralded as the first glimpse of towering genius. But strip away the reverence, look past the auteurist mythology… What are we really left with?

Released during the height of World War II, Sanshiro Sugata charts the familiar arc of a young, impetuous man seeking mastery in Judo during the Meiji era. Crucially, this historical setting allowed Kurosawa to subtly sidestep the overt ultranationalism demanded by the wartime censors – though not entirely without difficulty. The film reportedly faced initial resistance, and significant portions were later excised by authorities in 1944, leaving us with a potentially compromised version of Kurosawa’s original vision. Despite this, it found favor with audiences, proved commercially successful, and prompted the greenlighting of a sequel.

The narrative is, frankly, rudimentary melodrama. Our protagonist grapples with his own fiery temperament, learns discipline under a wise mentor, overcomes rivals in progressively challenging bouts, and ultimately secures a conventional romantic resolution after confronting the film’s big bad.

Yet, within the sphere of film appreciation, a certain Sanshiro Sugata is often discussed with a kind of retroactive awe. It garners respectable ratings – a 3.4 on Letterboxd, for instance – accompanied by descriptions lauding its supposedly fluid, poetic fight choreography or the profound spiritual journey of its hero. The assumption seems to be that genius must manifest, fully formed, even in its earliest expressions.

But, viewed objectively, Sanshiro Sugata can be a rather challenging watch. The protagonist’s arc towards self-mastery is almost a caricature of a badly written YA novel . The gestures towards spiritual depth feel tacked-on.. And the fight scenes? Far from being dynamic spectacles, they often feel protracted and stiff, far from the kinetic energy that would define Kurosawa’s later work.

Now, I’m not saying to avoid the film. While it fails as entertainment, Sanshiro Sugata offers something invaluable: a window into the nascent stages of a legendary career. We see Kurosawa wrestling, perhaps clumsily, with themes of honour, discipline, and the student-mentor relationship that would recur throughout his filmography. We know he was deeply drawn to Tsuneo Tomita’s source novel, reportedly devouring it in one sitting and immediately drafting a screenplay before even securing the rights – that passion is palpable, even if the execution is crude.

So, should you watch Sanshiro Sugata? Absolutely, if your interest lies in tracing the development of one of cinema’s greats. But approach it with clear eyes. Don’t let the weight of Kurosawa’s legacy, or the sometimes overzealous praise, set expectations the film itself cannot meet. What are your thoughts on Kurosawa’s debut?

The Visionary Returns: Tsui Hark’s ‘Legends of the Condor Heroes’ 

Tsui Hark stands as one of Hong Kong cinema’s most formidable auteurs, his finest works deserving placement alongside the masterpieces of John Woo or Wong Kar Wei, yet with a filmography that is far more varied.

His latest offering, “Legends of the Condor Heroes: The Gallants,” has reached American screens after amassing an impressive $83 million over New Year in China. This sprawling fantasy unfolds from a carefully selected fragment of Jin Yong’s monumental literary universe, following the journey of Guo Jing as he ascends to martial arts mastery during the days of Genghis Khan’s.

The film demonstrates remarkable cultural authenticity by featuring actual Mongolian dialogue for Mongolian characters, who are portrayed with admirable complexity rather than as one-dimensional antagonists. Yet beneath this cultural sensitivity lies a familiar narrative structure where these characters ultimately exist to elevate the Chinese protagonist’s heroic journey. As Jeanette Ng has noted, it’s not uncommon for Wuxia to feature a Han variant of the White Savior trope.

Still, Hark navigates this with more nuance than the source material, and he delivering what has become his signature: a female character whose capabilities and complexity rival or surpass the male lead. Sabrina Zhuang inhabits this role with a compelling presence, I want to see more of her work in the future.

Hark’s directorial vision manifests through bold, distinctive choices in composition, lighting and color– visual poetry that speaks to his mastery of the medium. However, the film ultimately surrenders to the gravitational pull of CGI spectacle, with digitally rendered armies frequently overwhelming the intimate human drama.

But making Condor heroes is his passion project, after gifting cinema with revolutionary works, he has earned the right to command these virtual legions across his cinematic battlefield. For viewers seeking grand-scale action with artistic integrity, “The Gallants” delivers a satisfying, if occasionally overwhelming, experience.

Singapore to Cuba: A Global Journey Through Sundance Shorts Program 3

Have you ever watched a film festival unfold from your couch?  Sundance 2025 made that a reality, offering its entire short film program online.



First up, Full Month by Goh Hua. Imagine returning to Singapore after a decade away, stepping back into the intricate dance of family expectations. This film beautifully captures the bittersweet reunion of a woman with her family, ostensibly to celebrate her niece’s birth. But the traditional Chinese postpartum practice – a month of confinement and rest – becomes a powerful symbol. It’s about the way families can simultaneously nurture and suffocate. Goh Hua crafts a story where the silences speak volumes, and the unspoken tensions are as palpable as the humid Singapore air.Trokas Duras, the winner of the Short Film Jury Award for US Fiction, isn’t just about trucks. It’s about the souls of  working-class migrants.  The film uses battered resliatn vehicles as breathtaking visual metaphors, showing us the beauty in what’s often overlooked, the quiet dignity of labor.

Claire Titelman’s Remember Me is a cringy, awkward comedy. We meet a woman in her forties, back home caring for her ailing mother, and clinging to a first date like a life raft.  It’s a raw, unflinching look at desperation, at the messy, sometimes pathetic ways we try to find connection. Titelman doesn’t shy away from the discomfort; she leans into it, creating a character study that’s both humorous and heartbreaking.”

Miss You, Perdularia transports us to Cuba, but not the postcard version. This is a glimpse into the lives of teenage girls adrift in a world of faded grandeur and limited options.  It’s a slice-of-life film that captures the aimlessness, the quiet rebellion, the search for meaning in a seemingly abandoned community.

In Almost Certainly False, Cansu Baydar introduces us to Hana, a young Syrian refugee in Istanbul.  She’s caught between two worlds – the fragile beginnings of her own new life and the weighty responsibility of caring for her younger brother.  The film is a delicate balancing act, portraying the resilience and quiet strength required to navigate a life uprooted by conflict. It’s a story of hope, shadowed by the ever-present weight of displacement.”

“Finally, Ragamuffine offers a fascinating counterpoint. We’re immersed in the world of a deaf 12-year-old motocross racer.  Beyond the adrenaline on the track, the film explores the tedium  race weekend with her distracted single dad. there’s a subtle sense of isolation, a feeling of being slightly adrift and disconnected.

Sundance had a solid selection of shorts, maybe you’ll have a chance to catch a few at your local festival.

Didn’t Die: A Zombie Film That’s Not Really About Zombies

What happens when the end of world isn’t the story… but merely the backdrop? That’s the intriguing premise of Didn’t Die, a new indie film that uses a – yes, I’ll say it – zombie apocalypse as a useful metaphor for pandemic upheavals.

The film follows Vinita, a wonderfully snarky Indian-American podcaster. She’s been travelling the country for her Didn’t Die podcast, documenting the myriad ways humanity is coping, surviving, amidst the undead. But her true journey is inward, as she returns to her hometown – a place brimming with the ghosts of her past: family, a former lover, and the weight of unresolved emotions

Didn’t Die isn’t much interested in jump scares. It’s a character-driven piece, a low-budget marvel that owes as much to the mumblecore movement as it does to Romero. Think of it as an examination of anxiety, grief, connection, and disconnection, and adaptation to “a new normal”

There are moments where the pacing feels a little uneven, and the low budget occasionally shows at the seams. But these are minor quibbles in a film that’s ultimately about the messy, imperfect process of finding our footing in a world turned upside down.

If you’re looking for a film that’s less about “Brains…..” and more about heart, Didn’t Die is well worth your time. It’s a reminder that even in the face of the unimaginable, life – in all its complicated, awkward glory – can find a way.

Camgirls, Gangsters, and Artists: The Complex Tapestry of Luz

Flora Lau’s ‘Luz’ is a film that dares to exist in the liminal spaces between fractured relationships, cultural divides, and even the boundaries of reality itself.

Lau crafts a diptych, two essentially disparate narratives separated by continents, yet echoing each other in their exploration of family, connection and isolation. On one side, a gangster in the underbelly of China wants to connects estranged daughter, a camgirl lost in the internet. Her world of pixelated gamified parasocial intimacy, stands in stark contrast to the gangster’s world, of violence and newfound wealth.”

Simultaneously, in France, a young woman navigates the delicate dance of duty and resentment as she attempts to re engage with her ailing stepmother, an artist, a woman who turns her back on conventional treatments, choosing instead to embrace the fleeting beauty of her remaining days with a fierce, almost defiant joy.

Lau weaves these narratives together with a third thread – a foray into the ethereal realm of virtual reality. VR is a metaphor for the elusive nature of human connection, and also, perhaps a shimmering escape hatch from reality’s harsh constraints

The visual language Lau employs is breathtaking.  And the performances are nuanced,  affecting, reflecting the complexities of human relationships.

“‘Luz’ is undeniably an art film, one that demands patience. Early reactions at Sundance were mixed, perhaps because audiences anticipated a more conventional narrative. It’s a film that lingers, that prompts contemplation, and is indifferent to familiar plot structures and character arcs.

Lau’s second feature solidifies her as a director with a singular vision, a filmmaker unafraid to challenge conventions and explore the deeper currents of the human experience. ‘Luz’ may not be a masterpiece, but it’s a beautiful, and thought-provoking work that deserves to be seen and discussed.

Sundance From Your Couch: Shorts Program 1


Step behind the velvet rope of Sundance 2025, virtually, where the short film program isn’t just on screen—it’s online and ready for you.  Let’s dive into Shorts Program 1.

First up, Debaters, from Alex Heller. Imagine a world where the gilded halls of an affluent high school echo with the passionate, if naive, arguments for and against raising the minimum wage. Heller crafts a poignant narrative where well-meaning but clueless adults orbit a group of adolescents who, despite being pitted against each other, fiercely defend their own. It’s a delicate dance between privilege and genuine empathy, all set against the backdrop of youthful idealism.

Daisy Friedman’s Unholy plunges us into a Passover Seder, but not one you’ve seen before. Our protagonist, a young woman with a feeding tube, navigates a landscape of forbidden delicacies and pushy relatives, each more oblivious than the last. Friedman masterfully captures the specific, often overlooked intersections of experience, blending the awkward and the comic with a deft hand. The film’s conclusion is heartfelt and very well composed.  Keep an eye out  for Friedman’s future work.

Hoops, Hopes and Dreams, a documentary short by Glenn Kaino, is a slam dunk into the unexpected intersections of basketball, leadership, and the civil rights movement. Hear Andrew Young’s firsthand account of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s prowess on the court—a vivid reminder that even in the heat of battle for a better future, the spirit finds solace and connection in play. This isn’t just history; it’s a testament to the human spirit’s enduring need for joy and camaraderie, even amidst the most arduous struggles.

(Transition to a clip or still from “A Round of Applause for Death”)

Stephen Irwin’s A Round of Applause for Death is a mesmerizing ballet of abstraction, a symphony of repetition and variation that manages to be both a profound formal exercise and a surprisingly delightful romp. It’s a comedic study in the unexpected, a reminder that even in the face of the inevitable, there’s room for wit and whimsy.

(Transition to a clip or still from “Susana”)

In Gerardo Coello Escalante’s Susana, we follow a middle-aged, middle-American tourist on an unplanned solo adventure through the vibrant labyrinth of Mexico City after her daughter abandons their vacation plans. Escalante paints a compassionate portrait of a woman adrift, juxtaposed against the very real indignities inflicted upon locals in the name of tourism. It’s a nuanced exploration of cultural collision, handled with a sensitivity that elevates the narrative beyond mere observation.

Lennert Madou’s UPPER unfolds like a visual poem, as two young protagonists engage in an increasingly bizarre series of antics, all under the watchful gaze of an impending asteroid. Formal and austere, yet beautifully composed, the film captures the strange, suspended reality of waiting for the inevitable, and the peculiar rituals we create to fill the void.

Finally, Sweetheart, directed by Luke Wintour, transports us to 1723, where young Thomas Nevile, fleeing peril, stumbles into the warm embrace of a hidden queer community within a Molly House. This historical gem shines a light on the resilience and creativity of marginalized groups, who, in defiance of societal condemnation, forge their own “unlawful weddings and rites.” It’s an inspiring glimpse into a past that still resonates with power and defiance.

And there you have it—a whirlwind tour of Sundance 2025’s Shorts Program 1. These are not just films; they are windows into other worlds. What’s your favorite?

Identity and Illusion: A Deep Dive into Green Snake (1993)

Imagine two serpentine spirits, draped in silks the color of jade and moonlight, stepping out of legend and into a world of human desire. That’s the premise of Tsui Hark’s 1993 film Green Snake. As we embark on 2025, the Year of the Wood Snake, a year of growth and transformation in the Chinese zodiac, symbolized by the color green, it’s the perfect time to revisit this cinematic gem.

Maggie Cheung and Joey Wong are mesmerizing as sworn sisters, two snake spirits who have cultivated their souls over centuries. They yearn to understand the human experience, and so they take human form.  Wong, as the elder White Snake, glides through the human world, understanding its delicate intricacies, and she finds love with a gentle scholar, in a union that seems to transcend the boundaries between their worlds.

Cheung’s Green Snake is a whirlwind of untamed energy.  She’s a creature of instinct, a vibrant spirit who struggles to grasp the rules of human society. She’s drawn to the exotic allure of an Indian dancer, the familiar comfort of her sister’s husband, and the stern challenge of a powerful but self-deceiving monk. Her journey is a testament to the messy, beautiful chaos of the human heart.


The film dives into the shimmering, often treacherous, waters of identity and illusion. The snake sisters, in their pursuit of acceptance, employ artifice, yet they strive for an inner integrity.  Contrast this with the monk, a man who cloaks himself in the rigid robes of intellectual Buddhism, yet is willfully blind to the desires that simmer beneath his surface. He desperately judges the world rather than embracing the fluid beauty of what it is.

Tsui Hark uses this seemingly righteous character as a foil to the snakes’ compassion, a commentary on the destructive power of self-deception and rigid ideology. He wants to believe that his superficial intellectual understanding of Buddhism is the same as renouncing attachments. He can’t face his shadow, and he desperately commits judging the world rather than accepting what is.
Like many of Hark’s finest films, Green Snake is a tapestry woven with threads of polycultural identities and the interconnectedness of human lives. It whispers a powerful message: the sterile categories we create to divide ourselves are a betrayal of the vibrant, messy truth of existence. A truth that the two sisters exemplify in their journey.

The White Snake traditionally holds the spotlight in this classic Chinese folktale, but this is no traditional film.  Hark centers Green, the less educated and more intuitive of the two.  As Green says at the end of the film:

“What is love? It’s really ridiculous that even humans don’t know. When you’ve worked it out, maybe I’ll return.”